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Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2025-07-10 Origin: Site
Surveying prisms help surveyors measure land and distances very well. These tools bounce back light signals from special machines. This helps people map land, check buildings, and help with building work. There are many types like mini prisms, 360-degree prisms, dual prisms, monitoring prisms, and circular prisms. Each type is good for a different job. For example, 360-degree prisms are good when it is hard to line things up. Monitoring prisms help watch if buildings move.
Picking the right prism is important because each one changes how correct and trustworthy the survey is.
| Prism Type | Primary Application | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 360-Degree Survey Prisms | Omnidirectional reflection | Bounces light from any direction |
| Survey Monitoring Prisms | Deformation and structural monitoring | Put on buildings to watch for movement |
| Survey Mini Prisms | Quick, less formal surveys | Small and easy to carry for short or medium jobs |
| Survey Circular Prisms | General-purpose surveying | Used for many different kinds of surveys |
| Dual Prisms | Alternative to 360-degree prisms | Need to be aimed at each total station |
Surveying prisms bounce light signals back. This helps measure distances and angles well.
There are different prism types for different jobs. Mini prisms fit in small spaces. 360-degree prisms measure all around.
Picking the right prism makes work more accurate. It also saves time. It makes surveying safer and easier.
Monitoring prisms help watch buildings and bridges. They check for small movements. This keeps structures safe.
Weather and dirt can change how prisms work. Strong, coated prisms last longer.
Optical survey prisms work with total stations. They help measure long distances very accurately.
Reflective targets cost less and are simple to use. But they are not as accurate as surveying prisms for careful work.
Surveyors should pick prisms that fit their tools and jobs. This helps them get the best results and avoid mistakes.
Surveying prisms are special tools used with surveying equipment. They help measure distances and angles. These prisms reflect light signals from devices like a total station. The light goes out, hits the prism, and comes back. The instrument figures out the distance by timing the signal. Surveyors use prisms to map land and check property lines. They also watch for changes in buildings or land. Surveying prisms come in many shapes and sizes. Each one is made for a certain job. Some prisms work well for far distances. Others are better for small spaces or special checks.
Surveying prisms work by bouncing light or signals back to where they started. The prism sits on a tripod or pole at a known spot. The total station sends a signal to the prism. The prism sends the signal right back. The instrument measures how long the signal takes to return. This helps find the exact distance.
In prismatic compasses, the prism lets the surveyor see the target and the scale together. The prism makes the scale look bigger and flips it. This helps read numbers more easily. The magnetic needle points to Earth’s magnetic north. The graduated circle goes from 0° to 360°. It helps measure bearings all the way around. Important parts of these tools are the magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism, object vane, and eye vane. Surveyors must center, level, and focus the prism for good results.
Surveying prisms help surveyors:
See targets and scales at the same time
Read numbers clearly and easily
Measure distances and angles fast
Surveying prisms are very important in modern surveying. They help surveyors get correct data over long distances and in tough places. When used with a total station, prisms help make detailed maps and plans. These are used for building, mining, and land work. Surveying tools with prisms can measure both distance and direction. This makes them needed for many jobs.
Good measurements from surveying prisms make sure buildings, roads, and other things are built in the right place and the right way.
Surveyors trust these tools to lower mistakes and make their work better. Picking the right prism helps get the best results and helps every surveying project succeed.
Standard prisms are used a lot in land surveying. Surveyors pick these because they are very accurate and dependable. They reflect light from total stations to help measure distance. These prisms work well in many places, like fields or busy sites.
Key features of standard prisms:
They measure things very accurately.
They are strong and last in bad weather.
You can put them in and take them out easily.
They do not cost too much for most jobs.
Surveyors use standard prisms for land surveys, building work, and mapping lines. These prisms fit many types of jobs and can do many tasks. When picking a standard prism, surveyors think about how accurate it is, how tough it is, and if it works with their tools.
Standard prisms give surveyors results they can trust, so many people use them.
Full size prisms are bigger than standard prisms. They are even more accurate and can measure farther. Surveyors use them for big jobs like highways, bridges, and tall buildings. Their size helps them reflect more light, so they work well over long distances.
Advantages of full size prisms:
They are very accurate for big projects.
They are strong and made for outside use.
They can be used in cities or far away places.
They have quick-release parts for fast setup.
Full size prisms cost more at first, but they last a long time. Sometimes, surveyors need to move these prisms by hand for sharp angles. In busy places, they might take the prisms away at night to stop theft or damage.
Limitations:
You must move them by hand for some angles.
They are not as easy to use as smaller prisms.
They can get stolen or broken in public places.
Surveyors choose full size prisms when they need the best accuracy and strong tools for hard jobs.
Mini prisms are small, light, and simple to carry. Surveyors use mini prisms for short or medium distances. These prisms are good in small spaces or hard-to-reach spots. Mini prisms are very accurate because they are small and easy to level.
Why surveyors choose mini prisms:
They are easy to move and set up.
They are accurate for close or middle distances.
They help with building work and checking things.
They are good for tight or sensitive places.
Mini prisms help surveyors work faster. They let people measure from easy spots without standing everywhere. Surveyors use mini prisms when they want to protect the area or move quickly.
Mini prisms are a good pick for jobs that need speed, accuracy, and easy use.
Table: Comparison of Three Types of Prisms
| Prism Type | Size | Best Use Cases | Key Advantage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Prism | Medium | General surveying, mapping | Reliable accuracy |
| Full Size Prism | Large | Large projects, long distances | High precision |
| Mini Prism | Small | Short-range, tight spaces | Portability & speed |
The types of surveying prisms above show how each one fits a different job. Surveyors pick the right prism by looking at the job size, how accurate they need to be, and where they will work.
360-degree prisms are special because they reflect signals from every way. Surveyors use them with robotic total stations. The total station can find and follow the prism by itself. This means the surveyor does not have to move the prism each time.
360-degree prisms always reflect signals, no matter the angle.
The total station can measure from any side.
Surveyors save time since they do not move the prism a lot.
One person can use the equipment, so work goes faster.
The prism bounces laser signals in all directions for good measurements.
These prisms are great for busy or tricky places.
They are strong and last outside in tough weather.
Features like auto target finding and tracking keep measurements right, even if the prism moves behind things.
Surveyors use these prisms for mapping land, building work, and checking big projects. The 360-degree prism helps people work fast on large jobs. It is also good for measuring flat, up, or sloped distances from any way.
360-degree prisms help make surveys from many sides quicker and more trustworthy.
Monitoring prisms are important for watching buildings and bridges over time. This type of prism helps surveyors see small changes in things like buildings or hills. Monitoring prisms are made to be very accurate and strong.
Monitoring prisms find tiny moves in buildings or bridges.
This helps engineers see problems early.
They are tough and can stay outside for a long time.
Surveyors can put these prisms in place fast.
They let people watch many spots at once.
Monitoring prisms work with most measuring tools.
Their design helps collect good data for safety checks.
Surveyors use monitoring prisms on dams, tunnels, and tall buildings. These prisms help keep people safe by showing if something moves or sinks. The prisms used for watching must last long and work well in any weather.
Monitoring prisms help keep buildings safe and save money on checks.
Circular prisms are another main type used in surveying. These prisms are round and work well for many jobs. Surveyors use circular prisms for things like marking land, setting up buildings, and making maps.
Circular prisms have many good points:
Their round shape makes it easy to line up with the total station.
They give good accuracy for most normal survey jobs.
The design lets you put them on poles or tripods easily.
Circular prisms are strong and can be used outside.
Surveyors often pick circular prisms when they need a tool they can trust for daily work. These prisms fit many setups and work with most survey tools.
Circular prisms give surveyors a handy and steady choice for lots of jobs.
Single prisms are very important in many projects. Surveyors use them when they need very exact results. A single prism bounces a laser beam back to the total station. This helps measure how far or what angle something is with high accuracy.
Single prisms are used a lot for watching things over time. They help check if buildings, bridges, or land move. Surveyors put single prisms in key places to look for any movement. These prisms help keep people safe and warn about problems early.
Single prisms let surveyors spot small changes before they get worse.
Surveyors use single prisms for:
Rail monitoring
Settlement monitoring
Displacement monitoring, which checks for landslides and emergencies
Deformation monitoring, which looks for changes in shape or size from stress in building work
Convergence monitoring, which is used in tunnels to find changes and keep workers safe
Single prisms help engineers and surveyors lower risks. They give early warnings if something might be dangerous. This makes them a good pick for jobs that need careful checks and fast action.
Rail clip, road, and reference prisms are important for checking roads and railways. Surveyors use these prisms to watch train tracks, roads, and other big structures. Each prism is made for a special job.
Rail clip prisms attach right onto the rails. Surveyors put them along the tracks to see if the rails bend or move. Magnetic rail prism shoes help the prisms stick to metal rails. These shoes use strong magnets and are made from hard metals. They also have bubble vials to help line them up fast.
Road prisms are flat and stick to the road. Their shape makes them hard for drivers to see. These prisms can handle lots of cars and bad weather. Surveyors use them to check if roads sink or change shape. Road prisms work with special machines that watch the road all the time.
Reference prisms are used as steady points for measuring. Surveyors use them to set up their tools and check if anything moves. These prisms help keep measurements right for a long time.
Rail clip, road, and reference prisms let surveyors get data without stopping trains or cars. Machines use these prisms to check spots, find changes, and warn people if something moves. This helps keep people safe and means fewer checks by hand.
| Prism Type | Main Use | Special Features |
|---|---|---|
| Rail Clip Prism | Track monitoring | Magnetic mount, strong build, easy alignment |
| Road Prism | Road and pavement monitoring | Low profile, high durability, traffic resistant |
| Reference Prism | Alignment and control points | Stable, precise, supports automated systems |
Surveyors trust these prisms to help keep roads and trains safe and working well.
Microprisms and optical survey prisms help surveyors measure things very carefully. These prisms bounce light or infrared beams from total stations. This lets surveyors find distances and angles with great care.
Microprisms are tiny and hard to see. Surveyors use them where they do not want the prism to show, like inside buildings or on special parts. Some microprisms, like the L-Bar Micro Prism, are almost invisible but still work well.
Optical survey prisms work even if they are not lined up just right. They can still be correct if they are off by a little. Surveyors use them to watch for movement and to help set up their tools.
Different optical survey prisms have special good points. Some are very strong for tough places. Others can be aimed at from many sides. The L-Bar 360° prism can be used by many systems at once, which helps with big jobs.
Putting microprisms and optical survey prisms in the right spot helps surveyors get the best results. Good setup stops problems and keeps the view clear.
Surveyors pick microprisms and optical survey prisms when they need careful, strong, and flexible tools. These prisms help measure movement and keep things in the right place, so they are very important for careful surveying today.
Surveying prisms are very important in building work. Workers use them to measure how far things are and check heights. They also help mark where building corners should go. Mini prisms are used a lot on building sites. They are small and light, so people can carry them easily. Mini prisms give good results for short and medium distances. Many teams like mini prisms because they save time and money.
360-degree prisms are also helpful for building. These prisms send signals back from every direction. This lets the total station follow the prism from any side. One person can walk around while the machine tracks the prism. This makes the job faster and safer.
Monitoring prisms help engineers watch buildings and bridges as they are built. These prisms stay in one place for a long time. They show if something moves or settles. L-Bar prisms and circular prisms help with special jobs. They are good for marking control points or checking big areas.
| Prism Type | Key Characteristics | Reasons for Common Use in Construction Sites |
|---|---|---|
| Mini Prisms | Compact, portable, cost-effective, suitable for short to medium-range measurements | High positional accuracy, affordability, ease of transport and storage |
| 360° Prisms | Full 360-degree targetable angle, visible from multiple directions | Flexibility and visibility in multi-station networks |
| Monitoring Prisms | Designed for long-term structural monitoring | Detect minute positional changes over time |
| L-Bar Prisms | Versatile mounting options | Suitable for a wide range of applications |
| Circular Prisms | High-range capability | Preferred for projects requiring broad coverage |
| Reflect Targets | Combine multiple reflectors with electronic guidance | Ensure lock-on accuracy in challenging conditions |
The type of prism used in building depends on the job. Teams pick prisms that are accurate, strong, and easy to use. The right prism helps finish work on time and keeps measurements right.
Picking the best prism for building work helps keep everyone safe and makes the work better.
Mining and tunneling need special tools for measuring. Workers use surveying prisms to map tunnels and check slopes. They also watch for ground movement. In mines and tunnels, space is small and it is dark. Mini prisms fit well in these tight places. They are easy to set up and move.
Monitoring prisms are very important in mines. They help engineers see if the ground or walls move. This keeps workers safe. Surveyors use total stations with these prisms to get quick and correct data.
360-degree prisms are used in big mining sites. They let machines follow the prism from many sides. This helps when the surveyor cannot stand still for long. Circular prisms and L-Bar prisms help with special checks. They are good for marking tunnel ends or setting control points.
Survey prism use in mining and tunneling is about safety and speed. The right prism helps teams find problems early and stop accidents.
Railway and road projects use many kinds of surveying tools. Surveyors use prisms to check tracks, bridges, and roads. Rail clip prisms go right on the rails. They help teams see if the tracks move or bend. Road prisms sit flat on the road. They show if the road sinks or cracks.
Monitoring prisms help watch bridges and tunnels for movement. Surveyors use total stations to measure the prisms and find changes. 360-degree prisms work well on busy sites. They let machines follow the prism even when trains or cars go by.
Circular prisms and reference prisms help set up control points. These points keep all measurements right over time. Using surveying prisms in railway and road work helps keep people safe and makes sure everything works as it should.
Surveying prisms and total stations help build and keep safe railways and roads.
Structural and geotechnical monitoring uses surveying prisms to keep buildings, bridges, and slopes safe. Engineers put these prisms on important parts of a building or bridge. The prisms help measure tiny moves that people cannot see. These moves can mean a building or bridge is sinking, leaning, or cracking.
Monitoring prisms are good for checks that last a long time. They stay in one spot for months or even years. Surveyors use total stations to check the prisms again and again. This helps them see changes over time. If a bridge moves just a little, the prism will show it.
Common types of prisms for monitoring:
Monitoring prisms: These are tough and can handle bad weather. They give very exact results.
L-Bar prisms: These fit in small spaces or on corners. They help measure moves in hard-to-reach places.
Microprisms: These are tiny. Engineers use them when they want the prism to be hidden.
Tip: Checking with monitoring prisms often helps stop accidents and saves money on repairs.
Surveyors also use prisms for geotechnical monitoring. They watch slopes, dams, and tunnels for movement. If the ground moves, the prisms show the change right away. This helps engineers act fast to keep people safe.
| Prism Type | Best Use Case | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Monitoring Prism | Long-term building checks | High accuracy, weatherproof |
| L-Bar Prism | Corners and tight spaces | Flexible mounting |
| Microprism | Hidden or sensitive areas | Discreet, precise |
Picking the right prism for monitoring is very important. The right prism helps engineers find problems early and keep buildings safe.
Land surveying uses prisms to measure how far things are and mark property lines. Surveyors put prisms on known spots. They use total stations to send signals to the prisms and see how far away they are. This helps make maps and plans for new roads, buildings, and parks.
Standard prisms work well for most land surveying jobs. They are simple to use and give good results. Full size prisms help when surveyors need to measure long distances. Mini prisms are best for small places or spots with lots of things in the way.
Surveyors often use circular prisms for general land surveying. These prisms help mark control points. Control points are spots that help keep all measurements right. Reference prisms also help check if anything has moved since the last survey.
Why prisms matter in land surveying:
They help surveyors get correct measurements.
They make it easier to map big areas.
They help keep property lines right.
Note: Using the right prism in land surveying helps stop mistakes and legal trouble.
Surveyors pick prisms based on the job size, distance, and how much accuracy they need. The right prism helps finish projects faster and keeps data right.
How far you need to measure is very important. Surveyors think about distance before picking a prism. Big prisms are better for long distances. They send more light back to the total station. This makes it easier for the machine to read signals from far away. Small prisms are good for short distances. They are light and easy to use in small spaces. Prism coatings also help. Some coatings stop mistakes when measuring far away. Surveyors pick the right size and coating for each job. This helps them get good data every time.
Tip: Always check how far you need to measure before picking a prism. The right size and coating help you get better results.
Getting the right answer is very important in surveying. Some jobs, like building bridges, need very exact measurements. Surveyors use prisms with low beam deviation for these jobs. For example, a prism with about 3 arcseconds deviation keeps measurements correct. Each prism type has its own accuracy level. Monitoring prisms give steady results for a long time. This is good for watching buildings or hills. L Bar prisms help measure exact angles. This is needed for jobs that must line up perfectly. Standard circular prisms work for many jobs because they reflect the laser well. Surveyors also check prism constants and height offsets. These numbers help stop mistakes. Good quality, strong mounting, and special coatings keep prisms accurate, even in bad weather. Keeping the prism centered and clean also helps stop errors.
Field of view means how much you can see with the prism. Some prisms, like the 360-degree prism, let you see from all sides. This gives many good things:
The 360-degree prism lets surveyors measure from many angles. This helps find more details and lowers mistakes.
Surveyors can measure from different sides at once. This makes the job faster when time is important.
These prisms are strong and work well in cities, fields, or forests.
Real-time data helps teams make fast choices during busy projects.
A wide field of view makes surveying easier and more correct. Surveyors can work in busy places without moving the prism all the time.
Surveying prisms are used outside in many tough places. Weather, dirt, and water can change how well a prism works. Surveyors must think about these things before picking a prism for a job.
Rain and Moisture: Water can get inside if the prism is not sealed tight. This can hurt the shiny part and make it less correct. Good sealing keeps water out and helps the prism last longer.
Dust and Dirt: Dust can cover the prism and block the light. This makes it hard for the total station to see signals. Prisms with smooth and coated surfaces keep off dirt and are easy to clean.
Temperature Changes: Hot or cold weather can make things grow or shrink. If a prism is not strong, it might crack or change shape. Strong materials help the prism stay correct in any weather.
Sunlight and UV Rays: Sunlight can fade or hurt the prism’s coating. Special layers, like copper or lacquer, protect the prism from the sun and help it work well.
Wind and Impact: Strong wind can blow dust or knock over a prism. Prisms with strong mounts and holders stay put and keep working in bad weather.
Note: Surveying prisms made for outside use have many protective layers. These layers include copper, glue, lacquer, and antireflective coatings. Each layer helps protect the prism from weather and keeps it bouncing light back right.
Surveyors often pick prisms made from tough, impact-proof, and rust-proof materials. These materials help the prism last in hard places like building sites, mines, or open land. Weather-proofing also stops “reflector blindness,” which happens when the prism cannot bounce light because of damage.
A good prism will keep working even after a long time outside. Surveyors save time and money because they do not need to fix or replace the prism a lot. By thinking about the environment, surveyors make sure their measurements stay right and their tools last longer.
Surveying instruments help people measure land and buildings. Some common types are total stations, theodolites, and EDM devices. Each tool does a special job. A total station measures both angles and distances. Theodolites only measure angles between points. EDM devices use light or lasers to find distances fast.
Surveyors use these tools for many jobs. They map land and check property lines. They also watch buildings for changes. The tool they pick depends on the project. Some jobs need very exact numbers. Other jobs need quick answers. Surveyors choose the best tool for each task.
The table below shows which optical survey prism works with each total station brand:
| Prism Model | Compatible Total Station Brand | Mount Type | Material & Coating | Beam Deviation | Reason for Compatibility |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPR1+GPH1 | Leica-compatible | Leica mount | Copper-coated prism with plastic housing | 5 arcseconds | Precisely manufactured glass, coatings, and Leica-specific mount ensure accurate reflection and alignment |
| ATP2S | Topcon-compatible | N/A | Stainless steel with silver coating | 3 arcseconds | Designed to match Topcon total stations’ specifications for signal reflection and durability |
| A7 | Topcon-compatible | 5/8" thread | Aluminum coating | 3 arcseconds | Mount and coatings tailored for Topcon instruments to maintain measurement accuracy |
Surveyors pick the right optical survey prism for their tool. The mount and coating help keep measurements right and steady.
An optical survey prism is a retro reflector. It sends the EDM beam from the total station back to the device. This helps the tool measure distance very well. The prism’s shape and coating help keep the beam from spreading out. This means the total station can read the signal even from far away.
Surveyors trust optical survey prisms for exact results. The prism’s design lets it reflect light at wide angles. This helps if the tool and prism are not lined up just right. Putting the prism on a steady base makes measurements better.
Tip: Always keep the prism clean and dust-free for best results.
Optical survey prisms work with EDM and total station tools. The total station sends a laser or light beam to the prism. The prism bounces the beam straight back. The tool measures how long the beam takes to return. This tells the exact distance between the tool and the prism.
Surveyors use this setup for mapping, building, and checking things. Using optical survey prisms with EDM and total stations makes work faster and more correct. Special coatings, like copper or silver, help the beam stay strong in bad weather. Mounts made for each brand help line up the prism with the tool and stop mistakes.
Surveying tools and optical survey prisms work together as a team. They help surveyors finish jobs faster and with fewer errors.
Surveyors sometimes pick reflective targets instead of surveying prisms. Reflective targets are helpful when surveying prisms are not easy to use. These targets have a special surface that bounces the signal back to the total station. Surveyors use them for jobs that do not need the best accuracy.
Surveyors use reflective targets when:
Surveying prisms are hard to put in place or keep safe, like in high or tricky spots.
There are lots of cars or people, so surveying prisms might get stolen or broken.
The job needs many targets at different angles, and the team wants to save money.
The work does not need super exact measurements, like some building jobs.
The site needs marks or points that stay in one spot for a long time.
Engineers watch bridges or buildings that move a lot, but do not need tiny measurements.
Surveyors want to make measurements better by using more points.
Reflective targets help surveyors save both money and time. Teams can leave these targets outside without worrying about them getting stolen or hurt by weather. It is also faster to set up many targets with reflective targets.
Reflective targets have some limits when you compare them to surveying prisms. They cannot measure as far or as exactly as surveying prisms. Most of the time, reflective targets are close, about ±3 mm, which is fine for many jobs but not for jobs that need super exact numbers. The best way to use them is when the total station faces the target straight on. If the angle is too sharp, the signal spreads out and can make mistakes. This is called beam divergence, and it makes measurements less good at sharp angles. Reflective targets are good for places that are hard or unsafe to reach, but they cannot take the place of surveying prisms for jobs that need very high accuracy.
| Aspect | Reflective Targets | Surveying Prisms |
|---|---|---|
| Range Capability | 2 to 500 meters | Longer effective range than reflective targets |
| Accuracy | +/-1mm to +/-2mm precision | Higher precision, extreme accuracy |
| Beam Divergence | Affected especially at oblique angles, causing errors | Less affected, more reliable at various angles |
| Cost | Lower cost, inexpensive and easily replaceable | Higher cost, often removed from site for security |
| Placement Flexibility | Can be fixed on-site at multiple angles without manual realignment | Requires manual realignment for angles >30-35° |
| Suitability | Suitable for many construction projects where extreme precision is not critical | Preferred for projects requiring extreme accuracy |
Surveyors must pick between reflective targets and surveying prisms based on what the job needs. Surveying prisms are still the best for jobs that need the most accuracy and longest distance. Reflective targets are a smart and cheap choice for many normal jobs, especially when safety, price, and easy use are important.
Every prism type is made for a special job. Mini prisms fit in small places. 360-degree prisms help measure from any direction. Picking the right prism makes work more correct and faster. Experts say matching the prism to the job helps stop mistakes. Surveyors should think about where they are working. They also need to check if the prism fits their tools. To learn more, readers can look at trusted sites like Wikipedia.
A surveying prism reflects light or laser signals back to a total station. This helps surveyors measure distances and angles accurately. Prisms make mapping and construction work more precise.
A 360-degree prism reflects signals from any direction. This allows the total station to track the prism without realignment. Standard prisms only reflect signals from one direction.
Not all prisms fit every total station. Surveyors must check the mount type and prism constant. Some brands, like Leica or Topcon, need specific prisms for best results.
Tip: Always match the prism to the total station for accurate measurements.
Surveyors should use a soft cloth to wipe prisms. They should avoid harsh chemicals. Keeping prisms dry and storing them in a case helps prevent scratches and damage.
Mini prisms work best in tight spaces or for short to medium distances. Surveyors choose them for quick jobs, building sites, or places where larger prisms do not fit.
A prism constant is a value that adjusts for the distance between the prism’s center and its mounting point. Surveyors enter this value into the total station to ensure accurate readings.
Reflective targets offer less accuracy than surveying prisms. They work well for basic jobs but do not match the precision needed for detailed surveys or long distances.
Note: For high-precision work, surveyors should use surveying prisms instead of reflective targets.
Readers can find more information on Wikipedia or other science resources. These sites explain surveying tools and their uses in detail.
